"Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 6 December 2020, at 15:26. Oyo maintained a semi-standing army of specialist cavalry soldiers called the Eso, the Esho or, formally, the Eso of Ikoyi. "The Original Religion of the Yorubas". Ces forces étaient souvent utilisées dans les campagnes lointaines d'Oyo sur la côte ou contre d'autres États. Le principal représentant d'Oyo dans le couloir était l'Olu, dirigeant de la ville d'Ilaro. Dirigés par les Bashorun, agissant en tant que Premier ministre, et composés des Agbaakin, des Samu, des Alapini, des Laguna, des Akiniku et des Ashipa, ils représentaient la voix de la nation et avaient la responsabilité principale de protéger les intérêts de l'empire. [29], There was a high degree of professionalism in the army of the Oyo Empire. Ajaka a été restauré après la mort de Sango. Alaafin Abiodun pendant son règne avait également mené des campagnes ratées contre Borgu en 1783 et Nupe en 1789, perdant respectivement l'équivalent de 11 et 13 généraux et leurs hommes. A loose confederation of Yoruba kingdoms in West Africa. According to tradition, the Alaafin was expected to commit ritual suicide thereafter. L' Oyo Mesi et le culte Yoruba Earth connu sous le nom d' Ogboni ont maintenu le pouvoir de l' Oba sous contrôle. Oba Atiba a cherché à préserver ce qui restait d'Oyo en plaçant sur Ibadan le devoir de protéger la capitale des Ilorin au nord et au nord-est. Gaha was subsequently executed by Abiodun but the instability that had been brought about by these intrigues had further weakened Oyo. Located in the savannah below the bend of the river Niger in the Bussa-Jebba region of southwest Nigeria, it achieved prominence during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries but collapsed and … Considered by the Yoruba to be a holy city and the legendary The Oyo Empire was a Yoruba empire of what is today western Nigeria, north central Nigeria and Western Republic of Benin.Established in the 15th century, the Oyo Empire grew to become one of the largest West African states. [30], All sub-courts of Oyo had Ilari who acted as both spies and taxmen. Below are the kings who had ruled one of the greatest empire in history. Les Nupe ont saccagé la capitale, détruisant Oyo en tant que puissance régionale jusqu'au début du 17e siècle. [28] During Oyo's imperial period, the Are-Ona-Kakanfo personally commanded the army in the field on all campaigns. Chacun avait aussi un député qu'ils enverraient à l'Alaafin si leur absence était inévitable. On s'attendait également à ce que l'Alaafin d'Oyo donne à ses subordonnés les honneurs et les cadeaux. Les Oyo exigeaient souvent un hommage aux esclaves. Après avoir acquis son indépendance, le Dahomey a commencé à attaquer le couloir. The Oyo Mesi were seven principal councillors of the state. L' empire d'Oyo était un empire Yoruba de ce qui est aujourd'hui le Bénin et l'ouest du Nigeria (y compris la zone sud-ouest et la moitié ouest de la zone centre-nord). Cela a contribué à la capacité d'Oyo à aligner constamment une grande force. Avec l'expansion impériale, Oyo s'est réorganisée pour mieux gérer ses vastes propriétés à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur du Yorubaland. Afonja, being bound by an oath and also desirous not to fall under a curse from a previous Alaafin made to the effect that any Aare Ona Kakanfo who attacked Iwere-Ile (his paternal home) was to die miserably, refused to comply. Les Eso étaient dirigés par les Are-Ona-Kakanfo et étaient célèbres pour vivre selon un code guerrier comparable au dictum latin infra dignitatem . Au début du XIX e siècle, l’empire yoruba d’Oyo dominait nombre d’États yorubas et le Dahomey, son vassal de 1748 aux années 1820. The Oyo Empire was one of the most politically important states in the entirety of Western Africa from the mid-7th to the late 18th century,[2] holding sway not only over most of the other kingdoms in Yorubaland, but also over nearby African states, notably the Fon Kingdom of Dahomey in the modern Republic of Benin to the west. Oyo ne pouvait pas maintenir son armée de cavalerie dans le sud mais pouvait attaquer à volonté. L'Empire d'Oyo a été l'un des États les plus importants politiquement de toute l'Afrique de l'Ouest du milieu du 7e à la fin du 18e siècle, dominant non seulement la plupart des autres royaumes du Yorubaland , mais aussi les États africains voisins, notamment le Royaume Fon du Dahomey dans la République moderne du Bénin à l'ouest. [13][15] Dahomey warriors, on the other hand, had no cavalry but many firearms. Although archaeology has yet to discover concrete connections between the various successive states of what is today Nigeria, oral traditions, such as those in the Kingdom of Benin (13-19th century CE), located just to the east of Oyo, tell of a king of Ife who not only sent a prince to rule other areas of the region but also sent a mast… [7] A new capital, Oyo-Igboho, was constructed, and the original became known as Old Oyo. Un vestige de la monarchie continue d'exister en tant que l'un des États traditionnels du Nigéria contemporain. Oba Ofinran , Alaafin d'Oyo, a réussi à regagner le territoire d'origine d'Oyo des Nupe. [10], The key to Yoruba rebuilding of Oyo was a stronger military and a more centralized government. Pendant la période impériale d'Oyo, l'Are-Ona-Kakanfo commandait personnellement l'armée sur le terrain lors de toutes les campagnes. C'étaient des agents nommés par l'Alaafin d'Oyo pour surveiller ses intérêts et surveiller le commerce. They re-established Oyo as more centralized and expansive than ever. It rose through the outstanding organizational skills of the Yoruba, wealth gained from trade and its powerful cavalry. Le roi portait le titre de Yalafin. His successor, Kori, managed to conquer the rest of what later historians would refer to as metropolitan Oyo.[4]. Oyo-Ile was razed by the Fulani Empire in 1835 and the Oyo Empire collapsed in 1836, once Afonja had been killed by the Fulani. Clapperton also noticed a shortage of horses, even though the Oyo were renowned as a great cavalry force; this might have something to do with the fact that most of the empire's soldiers and hence cavalry were stationed at Ilorin under the command of Afonja (and later Alimi's successors). Ajaka was restored after Sango's death. Si le conseil décidait de la désapprobation de l'Alaafin, le Bachorun présentait à l'Alaafin une calebasse vide, ou des œufs de perroquet, comme un signe qu'il devait se suicider. Their gunshots scared the Oyo cavalry horses and prevented their charging. [46], After the death of Awole, there was a scramble for the throne by numerous contenders; some were reported to have spent less than six months on the throne; there was also a period of interregnum of almost twenty years where the various factions could not agree on a candidate. Ajaka a été destitué, car il manquait de vertu militaire yoruba et accordait à ses sous-chefs une trop grande indépendance. [11], In 1823 Dahomey was reported to have raided villages that were under the protection of Oyo for slaves due to the high demand for them. Toute l'infanterie de la région portait des boucliers, des épées et des lances d'un type ou d'un autre. Ces couches étaient le métropolite Oyo, le sud du Yorubaland, le couloir Egbado et Ajaland. Le chef a ordonné à Oranyan de suivre le serpent jusqu'à ce qu'il s'arrête quelque part pendant sept jours et disparaisse dans le sol. Ilorin was a war camp headed by the Are-Ona Kakanfo Afonja. Many empires signed a treaty with oyo empire from been attack and free trade routes. 2e éd. [15] The origin of the cavalry is disputed; however, the Nupe, Borgu and Hausa in neighbouring territories also used cavalry and may have had the same historical source. L'infanterie dans la région autour de l'empire d'Oyo était uniforme en armure et armement. He governed in conjunction with a council of state known as Oyo Mesi . [40] As stated earlier, Metropolitan Oyo was divided into six provinces divided evenly by a river. [23], The second layer of the empire was composed of the towns closest to Oyo-Ile, which were recognized as brothers. It was the most restive and distant, and kept in line with threats of expeditions against it. [33], By 1680, the Oyo Empire spanned over 150,000 square kilometers. This led the noted historian S. Johnson to observe: "The father is the king of the palace, and the son the king for the general public". Les Yoruba et leurs voisins utilisaient des javelots à triple barbelé qui pouvaient être lancés avec précision à environ 30 pas. [7] The next oba, Eguguojo, conquered nearly all of Yorubaland. La structure de l'armée d'Oyo avant sa période impériale était simple et plus proche du gouvernement central de la métropole d'Oyo. The region of southern West Africa was introduced to (or developed itself) iron-working technology from at least the 9th century CE. Shillington, Kevin. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press. This religious divination, held every year, was to determine if the members of the Mesi still held favour with the Alaafin. L'Empire d'Oyo est devenu l'un des plus grands Etats de l'Afrique d'ouest rencontrés par les explorateurs pré-coloniaux. The nature and evolution of empire. Le principal des responsabilités du Bashorun était le très important festival d'Orun. Shango’s story is quite an interesting one and inspired the creation of the Shango religion. Par exemple, selon la coutume, l'Alaafin s'abstenait de quitter le palais, sauf pendant les fêtes importantes, ce qui en pratique réduisait son pouvoir. Oranyan, the first oba (king) of Oyo, was succeeded by Oba Ajaka, Alaafin of Oyo. Les deux conseils qui ont arrêté l'Alaafin avaient tendance à sélectionner un Alaafin faible après le règne d'un Alaafin fort pour empêcher le bureau de devenir trop puissant. Là, le chef local l'a diverti et a fourni un grand serpent avec un charme magique attaché à sa gorge. Ade Ajayi and R. Smith: Yoruba Warfare and Professor Bolanle Awe: Oxford PH.D. thesis (1964) – “The Rise of the Ibadan Empire”. A testament to how widespread the institution was is the fact that there were (and still are) Ogboni councils at nearly all sub-courts within Yorubaland. Contrairement aux grands empires de savane, dont Oyo ne peut pas être appelé un successeur puisqu'il était un successeur d'Ife, il y avait peu ou pas d'influence islamique dans l'empire. [25] The government was able to provide unity for a vast area through a combination of local autonomy and imperial authority. Par exemple, le Bashorun a orchestré de nombreuses fêtes religieuses; il a fait cela en plus d'être commandant en chef de l'armée, ce qui lui a donné une autorité religieuse indépendante considérable. Celebrated regularly, it would retain much significance among the Yoruba long after the fall of Oyo. Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau. Abiodun a ensuite été assassiné par son propre fils Awole, qui est ensuite monté sur le trône de son père. 2005 Black Atlantic Religion : Tradition, Transnationalism, and Matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé, … Après la mort d'Awole, il y eut une course pour le trône par de nombreux prétendants; certains auraient passé moins de six mois sur le trône; il y eut aussi une période d'interrègne de près de vingt ans où les différentes factions ne purent se mettre d'accord sur un candidat. [11] Metropolitan Oyo was divided into six provinces, with three on the west side of the Ogun River and three to the river's east. [7] During the reign of Oba Ajiboyede, he held the first Bere festival, an event to celebrate peace in the kingdom. Islam has crept into the country from the time of Oyo Igboho and in Oyo Ile, the trend has escalated with the Afonja’s intransigence and Ilorin’s invitation to Sheik Al-Salah. The military waited until the 19th century to adopt them. The palace was at the center of the city close to the Oba's market called 'Oja-Oba'. [14], After the destruction of Oyo-Ile, the capital was moved further south, to Ago d'Oyo. Clapperton's party recorded passing numerous Oyo villages burned by the Fulani of Ilorin while Majotu had also sought the help of the English king and the Oba of Benin in putting down the Ilorin rebellion. The Oyo Empire was a Yoruba empire of what is today Western and North central Nigeria.Established in the 15th century, the Oyo Empire grew to become one of the largest West African states. Les Yoruba ont permis l'autonomie au sud-est de la métropole d'Oyo, où les zones non-Yoruba pourraient servir de tampon entre Oyo et le Bénin impérial. There were checks and balances on the power of the Alafin and the Oyo Mesi and thus no one was arrogated absolute power. Oranmiyan was the first king and the founder of the Oyo empire. Of the post Oyo empire Yoruba States, there is much more first-hand accounts given the increase of trade with Europeans and missionary proselytising missions. 2 Mar. L' Empire Oyo était un Yoruba empire de ce qui est aujourd'hui centrale et occidentale du Nord du Nigeria.Fondée au 15ème siècle, l'Empire Oyo a grandi pour devenir l' un des plus grands Etats de l'Afrique occidentale. L'Empire d'Oyo était le seul État Yoruba à adopter la cavalerie ; il l'a fait parce que la majeure partie de son territoire se trouvait dans la savane du nord . They re-established Oyo as more centralized and expansive than ever. The Oyo Empire developed a highly sophisticated political structure to govern its territorial domains. Il était divisé en quatre couches définies par rapport au noyau de l'empire. The Oyo Empire was a Yoruba empire of what is today Benin and Western Nigeria (including Southwest zone and the western half of Northcentral zone). Oyo City, too was basically converted to Islam. Les Alaafin d'Oyo ont nommé certains responsables religieux et gouvernementaux, qui étaient généralement des eunuques . Established in the 14th century, the Oyo Empire grew to become one of the largest West African states encountered by pre-colonial explorers. Known by the Ewe as Amedzofe, it is the more ancient ancestral home of the Ewe, Fon and other Gbe Vodoun groups prior to the expansion of the Oyo empire into their region around 10-1100 B.C Avec sa cavalerie, Oyo a fait campagne avec succès dans la conquête et la répression sur de grandes distances. [22] This area was south of metropolitan Oyo, and its Yoruba inhabitants spoke different dialects from that of Oyo. With imperial expansion, Oyo reorganized to better manage its vast holdings within and outside of Yorubaland. The index of urbanization in 1950 was close to that of the United States, excluding Ilorin. Ilé-Ifé est considérée comme la cité d'origine de tous les Yorubas [réf. [7], Under his successor, Abipa, the Yoruba repopulated Oyo-Ile and rebuilt the original capital. The old Oyo ‘empire’ was the largest and best-known of the Yoruba kingdoms. Alors que l'Alaafin d'Oyo était le maître suprême du peuple, il n'était pas sans contrôle de son pouvoir. L' Empire Oyo était un Yoruba empire de ce qui est aujourd'hui centrale et occidentale du Nord du Nigeria.Fondée au 15ème siècle, l'Empire Oyo a grandi pour devenir l' un des plus grands Etats de l'Afrique occidentale. The people created a government that established its power over a vast empire. "Letter of Lionel Abson, Governor of the English fort at Whydah, 26 Sept. 1783" Public Records Office, London, Dalzel, Archibald. Ces états tributaires étaient dirigés par leurs propres dirigeants, intitulés Obas, qui ont été confirmés par l'Alaafin d'Oyo. Established in the 14th century, the Oyo Empire grew to become one of the largest West African states encountered by pre-colonial explorers. Le gouvernement a pu assurer l'unité pour une vaste région grâce à une combinaison d'autonomie locale et d'autorité impériale. Oct. 1754, quoted in letter of T. Melvil, Cape Coast Castle, 30 Nov. 1754". It rose through the outstanding organizational skills of the Yoruba, wealth gained from trade and its powerful cavalry. The origins of the Oyo Empire lie with Oranyan (also known as Oranmiyan), the last prince of the Yoruba Kingdom of Ile-Ife (Ife). Ils ont rétabli Oyo comme plus centralisé et expansif que jamais. The Alaafin of Oyo and the Ooni of Ife are seen as the most powerful monarchs in Yoruba land. La bataille a duré quatre jours, mais les Yoruba ont finalement été victorieux après l'arrivée des renforts. [22] It is known that at least some Muslim officials were kept in Metropolitan Oyo,[42] and men capable of writing and calculating in Arabic were reported by French traders in 1787.[42]. [52] He also attempted to get the Ijaye to protect Oyo from the west against the Dahomeans. The Oyo Empire was the most politically important state in the region from the mid-15th to the late 18th century,holding sway not only over most of the other kingdoms in Yorubaland, but also over nearby African states, notably the Fon Kingdom of Dahomey in the modern Republic of Benin to the west. Les guerriers du Dahomey, en revanche, n'avaient pas de cavalerie mais de nombreuses armes à feu. [28] This do-or-die policy no doubt contributed to the military aggressiveness of Oyo's generals. Oranyan fit d'Oyo son nouveau royaume et devint le premier «oba» (signifiant «roi» ou «souverain» en langue yoruba ) avec le titre «Alaafin of Oyo» (Alaafin signifie «propriétaire du palais» en yoruba). [18], With its cavalry, Oyo campaigned successfully in conquest and suppression over great distances. [50] The Oyo army was decisively defeated, ending Oyo's hegemony over Dahomey. [33] Its military success was due in large part to its cavalry as well as the leadership and courage of Oyo officers and warriors. Les Yoruba restent le groupe ethnique africain le plus urbanisé aujourd'hui. Oranyan made an agreement with his brother to launch a punitive raid on their northern neighbors for insulting their father Oduduwa, the first Ooni of Ife. At one time, Oyo-ile was at war with the Bariba of Borgu, who wanted to subjugate the new city still under construction. The Yoruba invaded Dahomey seven times before finally subjugating the small kingdom in 1748. Shehu Alimi, un chef peul qui était le chef de la population musulmane croissante à Oyo, est également arrivé au pouvoir à cette époque. THE OYO EMPIRE. Les érudits n'ont pas déterminé dans quelle mesure cette structure existait avant l'invasion des Nupe. There was also an entrenched military culture in Oyo where victory was obligatory and defeat carried the duty of committing suicide. [35] Aside from taxes on trade products coming in and out of the empire, Oyo also became wealthy off the taxes imposed on its tributaries. For instance, by custom the Alaafin abstained from leaving the palace, except during the important festivals, which in practice curtailed his power. Easley, Dr. Larry. Dahomey a été contraint de rendre hommage à Oyo. The Oyo Empire grew to become the largest Yoruba state. [48] By the time Captain Hugh Clapperton visited Oyo-Ile in 1825 during the reign of Alaafin Majotu, the empire was already in a state of decline. Oranmiyan founded the Oyo nation after he had established the bini dynasty, making him the first Alaafin (ruler) of the Oyo kingdom. Oyo Empire and surrounding states, ca. According to Yoruba tradition, Oyo was founded by Oranmiyan, a son of Oduduwa, the deity who established the … 2009. J.B. Wood, 8 November 1887, as cited by Law R.. Afolayan, Funso. Une autre cause fut donnée en 1795, quand Awole ordonna à Afonja d'attaquer le bourg d'Apomu, une partie d'Ile-Ife. [46], As Oyo tore itself apart via political intrigue, its vassals began taking advantage of the situation to press for independence. Church Missionary Society, G.31 A.2/1888-9, Letter of S. Johnson to the Rev. Les Yoruba d'Oyo ont traversé un interrègne de 80 ans en tant que dynastie exilée après sa défaite par les Nupe. Les Are-Ona-Kakanfo ne pouvant résider à proximité de la capitale, des dispositions ont dû être prises pour la protection de cette dernière en cas d'urgence. The Oyo Empire fell a year later. La cavalerie était le bras long de l'empire d'Oyo. [29] The leader of the Ogboni, the Oluwo, had the unqualified right of direct access to the Alaafin of Oyo on any matter. Oyo Empire was established by Yoruba people in the 15 th century and was one of the Largest Empire in West African state. Ils constituaient le Conseil électoral et possédaient des pouvoirs législatifs. The Oyo Empire was a Yoruba empire, and the Largest empire ever existed in West Africa, occupying most of what’s is today Southern Nigeria, expanding its territory to the nearby Republic of Benin. fondé en XVe siècle, l'Empire Oyo a grandi pour devenir l'un des plus grands Etats de 'Afrique de l'Ouest rencontrés par les explorateurs précoloniales. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre, Ancien empire du Bénin et du Nigéria actuels, L'empire d'Oyo dans sa plus grande étendue aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Liste des dirigeants de l'état Yoruba d'Oyo. [11] Each province was supervised by a governor appointed directly by the Alaafin of Oyo. Le roi ne pouvait pas être éliminé mais pouvait être contraint de se suicider s'il n'était plus voulu. [22] These were agents appointed by the Alaafin of Oyo to oversee his interest and monitor commerce. Oyo never encompassed all Yoruba-speaking people, but it was the most populous kingdom in Yoruba history. Son succès militaire était en grande partie dû à sa cavalerie ainsi qu'au leadership et au courage des officiers et guerriers Oyo. Afonja, étant lié par un serment et aussi désireux de ne pas tomber sous la malédiction d'un Alaafin précédent, fait que tout Aare Ona Kakanfo qui attaquait Iwere-Ile (sa maison paternelle) devait mourir misérablement, a refusé d'obtempérer. [5] Leadership was then conferred upon Ajaka's brother, Shango, who was later deified as the deity of thunder and lightning. [52] The center of Yoruba power moved further south to Ibadan, a Yoruba war camp settled by Oyo commanders in 1830. The events that led to the secession of Ilorin began in 1793. Prominent contemporary cities include Ibadan, Osogbo, and Ogbomoso, which are some of the major cities that flourished after old Oyo's collapse.[53]. These officials were known as the ilari or half-heads, because of the custom of shaving half of their heads and applying what was believed to be a magical substance into it.
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