For best diagnosis practices, serum samples should be analyzed as early as possible with a second test 2 to 3 weeks after that. SUMMARY Zika virus was discovered ∼70 years ago in Uganda and maintained a low profile as a human disease agent in Africa and Asia. … Circumstantial evidence suggests that sexual contact was the mode of transmission due to the high unlikeliness that Foy's wife was bitten by the tropical Aedes mosquito in Colorado. However, a recent case shows that human-to-human contact is possible, which would make it the first time an insect-borne disease was passed via sexual contact. We know that subsequent dengue infections bring a risk of antibody-dependent disease enhancement. Viruses. [3] However, one study showed antibody to ZIKV in rodents. The dsRNA genome is then transcribed resulting in additional ssRNA genomes. Save my name and email in this browser for the next time I comment. Whereas emphasis has been placed on how prior dengue immunity affects Zika infection, little is known about … Thomson Reuters, 19 Jan. 2016. (123RF, 2019) As seen above this is the structure of the zika virus. The New York Times Company- Short Answers to Hard Questions About Zika Virus. The outbreak on Yap Island showed the maculopapular rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. These symptoms are mild and usually last for 2-7 days. Recent advances in cryoelectron microscopy have accelerated structure-function studies of … Cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structural studies revealed that the ZIKV particle has two unique features: a protruding N154 glycosylation site and a … The spread of the virus led to reports of health problems such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and possibly microcephaly, a disease in which babies are born with abnormally small heads and brains that have not developed properly. Cryo-EM structure of immature Zika virus. In doing this, the course of symptomatic ZIKV infection can be analyzed. [6], The reproductive cycle of ZIKV follows that of other known flaviviruses. Zika fever is known since 1947 when it was discovered in a rhesus monkey in Uganda . Casadevall A, Pirofski L. (2003) The damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis. Group: Group IV ((+) ssRNA) Family: Flaviviridae Genus: Flavivirus Species: Zika virus. Countries and territories with active Zika virus transmission as of Jan 2016. The most dangerous time is thought to be during the first trimester of Pregnancy– when some women do not realize they are pregnant. Patients with Zika fever should remain hydrated and rest. If the trend moves toward the top of the graph the host is experiencing damage while if the trend migrates toward the bottom of the graph the host and pathogen are in a state of commensalism. [5] The surface proteins are arranged in an icosohedral-like symmetry. Acetaminophen can be prescribed to combat fever. There are 52 recorded species in the flavivirus genus, many of which cause widespread morbidity and mortality of humans (Lindenbach and Rice, 2003 Transmission of ZIKV in nature is thought to follow that of other closely related flaviviruses. Both showed signs of Zika fever and Dr. Foy's wife saw what she believed to be blood in his semen. The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus. [5] The E protein composes the majority of the virion surface and is involved with aspects of replication such as host cell binding and membrane fusion. Reducing mosquito populations and avoiding bites, which occur mainly during the day. [2] The 3' NCR forms a loop structure and the 5' NCR allows translation via a methylated nucleotide cap or a genome-linked protein. There has been one report of possible spread of the virus through blood transfusion and one report of possible spread of the virus through sexual contact. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a major human pathogen and member of the Flavivirus genus in the Flaviviridae family. Reuters. Infection with the virus appears to be linked to the development of unusually small heads and brain damage in newborns (microcephaly). (2014) Molecular Evolution of Zika Virus during Its Emergence in the 20th Century. Affected Countries: Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint Martin, Suriname, and Venezuela. [2] In 1968, isolation from human hosts occurred in residents of Nigeria. Enserink M. (2011) Sex After A Field Trip Yields Scientific First. Pan American Health Organization- Zika Virus Infection. Next, the virus membrane fuses with the endosomal membrane and the ssRNA genome of the virus is released into the cytoplasm of the host cell. Zika virus disease has affected many countries and is becoming a major public health concern. [3] Although there have yet to be serious complications arising from ZIKV, it's appearance across the globe, mosquito-driven transmission cycle, and possible spread via sexual contact make ZIKV an important emerging pathogen whose global impact is yet to be discovered. The virion is approximately 40 nm in diameter with surface projections that measure roughly 5-10 nm. Mature virions contain two virus-encoded membrane proteins (M and E), while immature virions contain a membrane protein precursor. It contains a nucleocapsid approximately 25-30 nm in diameter surrounded by a host-membrane derived lipid bilayer that contains envelope proteins E and M. The virion is approximately 40 nm in diameter with surface projections that measure roughly 5-10 nm. (2014) Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first isolated from a rhesus monkey in the Zika forest of Uganda in 1947. E (blue) consists of two transmembrane helices [ (E)TM], two membrane-associated helices (EH), and three globular ectodomains (EDI, EDII, EDIII). The transmission of ZIKV is predominately through the use of mosquitoes as vectors. Approximately 10 days later, Foy's wife showed signs of Zika fever while their four children remained healthy. Additionally, the virus requires a 2-week life cycle in mosquito hosts before infecting humans and Foy's wife showed symptoms merely 10 days upon his return. The cryo-EM map was fitted with the crystal structures of the precursor membrane and envelope glycoproteins and was shown to be similar to the structures of other known immature flaviviruses. Zika Virus (ZIKV). The vertebrate hosts of the virus are primarily monkeys and humans. Zika virus is not as deadly, however, more than one and a half million people were infected since the beginning of the current outbreak [4]. Learn about the basic biology, origins, life cycle, and symptoms of Zika virus. [2] ZIKV has also presented itself in the Western world in 2015 when it was isolated in Brazil, likely a result of the 2014 World Cup. CNN- Five things you need to know about Zika. PCR: It is useful in the first 3-5 days after the onset of symptoms. In contrast to most other insect-transmitted flaviviruses, ZIKV also can be transmitted sexually and from mother to fetus in humans. The core contains the RNA genome. Zika virions are typically icosahedral-shaped. However, there is no licensed vaccine or treatment currently available for ZIKV infections. The capsid protein is basically a protein shell of a virus, not specifically zika virus. The virus was first isolated in 1947 from a rhesus macaque in the Zika Forest of Uganda. Black arrows indicate the density between the inner RNA core and the viral membrane (double-ended arrow shows the inside … Here, we show that Zika virus (ZIKV) NS2A protein recruits genomic RNA, the structural protein prM/E complex, and the … At first it was believed that Foy had contracted dengue fever, but after Kobylinski had an encounter with medical entomologist Andrew Haddow who had experience with ZIKV, tests were run that confirmed all three patients possessed antibody for ZIKV. A host-cell derived membrane lies sandwiched between the envelope proteins and the inner core. ZIKV was first isolated from monkeys in the Zika forest in Uganda in 1947. In May 2015 an outbreak of Zika virus began in Brazil and spread to much of Central and South America. [2] NS1, NS3, and NS5 are large, highly-conserved proteins while the NS2A, NS2B, NS4A, and NS4B proteins are smaller, hydrophobic proteins. The Zika virus is a positive sense single-stranded RNA molecule 10794 bases long [2] with two non-coding regions flanking regions known as the 5' NCR and the 3' NCR. It contains a nucleocapsid approximately 25-30 nm in diameter surrounded by a host-membrane derived lipid bilayer that contains envelope proteins E and M. The virion is approximately 40 nm in diameter with surface projections that measure roughly 5-10 nm. Chambers T, Hahn C, Galler R, Rice C. (1990) Flavivirus genome organization, expression, and replication. This method of classification takes into account that microbial infection doesn't always result in disease for host with healthy immune systems, but can for immunocompromised individuals. Since November, Brazil has seen nearly 4,000 cases of microcephaly in babies born to women who were infected with Zika during their pregnancies. On the contrary, vertical transmission is the result of mosquito populations passing on the virus to their offspring. Vox Media, Inc.- Zika virus, explained in 6 charts and maps. 10794 bases long with two non-coding regions flanking regions known as the 5′ NCR and the 3′ NCR. Experts do not know how the virus enters the placenta and damages the growing brain of the fetus. [3] ZIKV causes a disease known as Zika fever, which is characterized by a macropapular rash covering the body, fever, joint pain, and malaise. Structure du virion.....37 Figure 10. Arbre phylogénétique représentant les lignées asiatique et africaine du virus Zika.37 Figure 9. This is considered to be a Class 2 pathogen. Illustration about The structure of Zika virus virion particle and genome, infographic template. [3], Diagnosis for ZIKV infection include PCR tests to detect viral RNA as well as additional tests to detect ZIKV antibody (IgM) in serum. Figure 8. From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource, Reproductive Cycle of a Zika virus in a Host Cell. Created by Derek Lehman, student of Tyrrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma. Darwish M, Hoogstraal H, Roberts T, Ahmed I, Omar F. (1983) A sero-epidemiological survey for certain arboviruses (Togaviridae) in Pakistan. Evolution of viruses. During outbreaks, health authorities may advise that spraying of insecticides be carried out. [7], In addition to sexual contact, studies have shown that ZIKV can reside in blood transfusions and they can be a possible vector for human-to-human transmission. [9] For ZIKV, a variety of mosquitoes from the genus Aedes are viable vectors.These include A. africanus, A. aegypti, A. vitattus, A. furcifer, A. apicoargenteus, and A. luteocephalus. They are primarily spread through arthropod vectors (mainly ticks and mosquitoes). Non-segmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. Another way to look at ZIKV infection would be to plot a chart of damage versus time. Travelers should take the basic precautions to protect themselves from mosquito bites. This is the currently selected item. Transmission occurs when an infected vector feeds on a host. Zika virus (ZIKV) has reemerged recently to cause serious human disease. In all cases, symptoms were mild and typically self-resolved in the course of a week without the need for hospitalization or risk of severe complications. Zika virus is a flavivirus like the dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile viruses. As a result, the CDC issued travel advisories for those traveling to affected areas. https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Zika_virus&oldid=123437, Pages edited by students of Tyrrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma. The structure of the so-called “mature virus” bears resemblance to a golf ball in that the major surface protein E lies parallel to the viral membrane, thus presenting a rather smooth surface (Figure 2A and B). In 2015, Zika virus RNA was detected in the amniotic fluid of two fetuses, indicating that it had crossed the placenta and could cause a mother-to-child infection. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped, icosahedral flavivirus that has structural and functional similarities to other human flavivirus pathogens such as dengue (DENV), West … CBC Radio Canada- Zika virus: what you need to know. It was later identified in humans in 1968 for the first time in Nigeria. [3] Since then, multiple studies have confirmed ZIKV antibody in humans from a multitude of countries in Africa and parts of Asia. The molecular mechanism of flavivirus assembly is not well understood. WHO, Media Centre, Fact sheets- Zika virus. Dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses are clinically important members of the Flaviviridae family with an 11 kb positive strand RNA genome that folds to enable virus function. Additionally, the damage response framework method of classification explores the possibility that colonization by a certain microbial species could provide a benefit to the host so long as the microbial population is kept in check. The open reading frame of the Zika virus reads as follows: 5′-C-prM-E-NS1-NS2A-NS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5-3′ and codes for a polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved into capsid (C), precursor membrane (prM), envelope (E), and non-structural proteins (NS). The biology of Zika virus. Its infection is caused by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito, usually causing mild fever, rash, conjunctivitis, and muscle pain. [10], Zika fever is the disease associated with ZIKV infection. It helps in the direct detection of Zika virus RNA or specific viral antigens in clinical specimens. Zika virus is transmitted from one people to another through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito, mainly. The structure of ZIKV follows that of other flaviviruses. The surface proteins are arranged in an icosohedral-like symmetry. Yan-Jang H, Higgs S, Horne K, Vanlandingham D. (2014) Flavivirus-Mosquito Interactions. Zika is an emerging threat, because it has been linked to birth defects (microcephaly). These cross-reactive results were more common in patients that denoted signs of previous flavivirus infection than patients with primary ZIKV infection. To deal with the infection of ZIKV, plenty of experiments have been done on selection of neutralizing antibodies that can target the envelope (E) protein on the surface of the virion. [3] Additionally, due to recent studies that show the possibility of sexual transmission, safe sex practices are also encouraged. However, Dr. Tom Frieden, director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that "There isn't any doubt that Zika causes microcephaly." [8] Due to the oddity of transmission through sexual contact, further studies should be conducted to identify all possible reservoirs and insect vectors to further understand ZIKV transmission. There has been total death of 152 as of 21 October 2015 in the world. (2015) Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. To date, there are no reports of infants getting Zika virus through breastfeeding. The pathogenesis of the virus is hypothesized to start with an infection of dendritic cells near the site of inoculation, followed by a spread to lymph nodes and the bloodstream. Prior studies had established the structures of several of the DENV serotypes [3–7], WNV [8], and most recently JEV [9]. Web. They are enveloped, 18-45 nanometer in diameter.The genome is a positive strand RNA enclosed in a capsid and surrounded by a membrane. | Genus = Flavivirus It is then translated into a polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved to form all structural and non-structural proteins. It protects the nucleic acid from digestion by enzymes, it also has these special sites that will allow the virion to … Only recently has it caused explosive outbreaks in previously unaffected regions, first in Oceania and then in the Americas since 2015. Hayes E. (2009) Zika Virus Outside Africa. This transmission includes a mosquito vector and a mammalian host. The virus particles are spherical and small in size (approximately 50 nm in diameter) with an electron-dense core approximately 30 nm in diameter. Zika Virus (ZIKV) is mosquito-borne emerging flavivirus which was first identified in Zika Forest of Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys. In 1973, a patient with Zika fever presented with fever, joint pain, and headache but the rash was absent. Nucleocapsid is 25-30 nm in diameter surrounded by a host-membrane derived lipid bilayer. D. โดย Dzianis_Rakhuba. There are 3174 cases and 38 deaths from microcephaly in Brazil as of 21 October 2015. IgM for ZIKV is typically detectable around 3-5 days after infection, but cross-reactivity with closely related dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses are possible. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. The family gets its name from the yellow fever virus, the type virus of Flaviviridae; flavus is Latin for "yellow", and yellow fever in turn was named because of its propensity to cause jaundice in victims. An emerging method of classification known as the damage response framework seeks to incorporate the full scope of the host-pathogen interaction by gauging the effect on the host as a function of damage/benefit versus host immune response. This is important since the Zika virus can cause devastating congenital Zika syndromes in pregnant women and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. The fusion loop, in the EDII domain, is boxed and the conserved histidine in prM (H95 in Zika virus) is indicated. As the understanding of microbial pathogenesis increases, so must our ways of classifying pathogeneis patterns. [7] In nature, reservoirs for ZIKV virus are restricted to primates. PCR tests should be conducted within 10 days of onset of illness. | Family = Flaviviridae The first major outbreak, with 185 confirmed cases, was reported in 2007 in the Yap Islands. The structure of Zika virus is similar to other known flavivirus structures, except for the ~10 amino acids that surround the Asn (154) glycosylation site in each of the 180 envelope glycoproteins that make up the icosahedral shell. 15 Apr. In Brazil in May 2015, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) issued an alert regarding the first confirmed Zika virus infections. Physical properties of virion. Viruses. However, in 2007, the first-recorded small-scale outbreak of ZIKV appeared on Yap Island, Micronesia, in which 73% of Yap residents were infected. Zika virions are comprised of an envelope and a nucleocapsid. Enveloped, spherical, about 50 nm in diameter. Assemblage de la capside virale et formation d une nucléocapside.....38 Figure 11. The biology of Zika virus. In 2013, a large-scale … Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI. For Zika virus, there is no known benefit to the host as a result of infection but not all infections result in Zika fever. The virion surface contains envelope protein (E) dimers and membrane (M) proteins in icosahedral-like symmetry. Potently neutralizing antibodies are of interest due to their prophylactic and therapeutic potential. Therefore, the damage response framework would look something similar to a curve in which damage occurs at a low host immune response and no damage occurs at a high host immune response. Replication then takes place at intracellular compartments known as cytoplasmic viral factories in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in a dsRNA genome. More on Zika virus here VIRION. Dengue and Zika virus epidemics have been lapping each other around the globe. First, the virion attaches to the host cell membrane receptors via the envelope protein which induces virion endocytosis. While there are scarce resources describing ZIKV pathogenesis exclusively, the general consensus is that mosquito-borne flaviviruses replicate initially in the dendritic cells at the site of infection where it then spreads to other areas of the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic system. [9] Studies show that the incubation time for ZIKV in mosquito vectors is approximately 10 days. Benedict’s Test- Principle, Composition,…, Widal Test- Introduction, Principle, Procedure,…, Different Size, Shape and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells, Nutrient Agar: Composition, Preparation and Uses, MacConkey Agar- Composition, Principle, Uses,…, Differences between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria. Symptoms are similar to that of dengue or chikungunya. Guardian News and Media Limited- Zika virus: what travellers need to know. [3], After returning from a research mission to Senegal, Dr. Brian Foy of the University of Colorado appeared to have passed ZIKV to his wife after sexual intercourse in 2008. Given that ZIKV is transmitted by mosquitoes, it is advocated by the CDC to use insect repellent, long sleeved-clothing, and intervention in reducing the number of mosquito vectors. The RNA contains 10,794 nucleotides encoding 3,419 amino acids.The virus is inactivated by ether, sodium dexoxycholate and chloroform. only precautionary measures like, keeping ourselves away from mosquito bites, by keeping the surroundings clean. [11]. Enveloped, spherical, about 50 nm in diameter. Both Dr. Foy and his Ph.D. student Kevin Kobylinski were bitten by numerous mosquitoes while abroad and became ill about 5 days after returning to the U.S. Flaviviridae is a family of viruses.Humans and other mammals serve as natural hosts. It was later identified in humans in 1968 for the first time in Nigeria. Avoid travel to areas with an active infestation. Intro to viruses. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)- Zika Virus. Viral replication typically occurs in the cytoplasm of infected cells, but there is a study that shows ZIKV antigens can also be found in the nuclei of infected host cells. Musso D, Nhan T, Robin E, Roche C, Bierlaire D, Zisou K, Shan Yan A, Cao-Lormeau VM, Broult J. Animal & human viruses. The surface proteins are arranged in an icosahedral-like symmetry. 2016. http://www.newsweek.com/zika-virus-spread-america-united-states-who-paho-419212. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus and it can be transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes as well as by sexual interactions. Another outbreak in Indonesia resulted in all 7 victims showing fever, but varying additional symptoms ranging from abdominal pain and dizziness to diarrhea and anorexia but no signs of rash. Because symptoms are relatively mild and the disease is self-limiting, only supportive therapy is employed. The first cases confirmed in Brazil was in May 2015 and the country is currently experiencing the largest epidemic ever recorded with 440,000 to 1,300,000 suspected cases reported by the Brazilian health authorities. Assembly then occurs within the endoplasmic reiticulum and the new virions are transported to the Golgi apparatus and then excreted into the intracellular space where the new virions can infect new host cells. Since it was first detected in a human in Nigeria in 1952, ZIKV has generally caused cases of human infections in Africa, Asia, and Oceania only rarely. [4] ZIKV is closely related to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as the dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. [3], Presently, there is no vaccine for ZIKV or treatment for Zika fever. The infection peaks around day two or three when symptoms peak, and then gradually taper off as the infection naturally clears in the course of approximately a week. There is no specific treatment or vaccine currently available. The flavivirus virion consists of an envelope outer layer, formed by envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins on a lipid bilayer, and an internal core, formed by capsid (C) protein and genomic RNA. Figure 1.3: Zika virus structure. Serology Test: It detect the presence of antibodies but are useful only after five days. Faye O, Freire C, Iamarino A, Faye O, de Oliveira J, Diallo M, Zanotto P, Sall A. [3], The first well-documented case of Zika fever in 1964 describes symptoms as beginning with a headache and then continuing to include a maculopapular rash covering a significant portion of the body the following day. Flaviviruses generally replicate in the cytoplasm, but Zika virus antigens have been found in infected cell nuclei. Zika symptoms are similar to the symptoms of Dengue in a mild form: fever, rash, muscle and joint pain, headache and conjunctivitis [7]. [3] Horizontal transmission is the terminology given to transmission of viruses from mosquito vectors to mammalian hosts. The WHO said a direct causal relationship between Zika virus infection and birth defects has not yet been established but is strongly suspected. This page was last edited on 11 May 2016, at 18:42. [12] A horizontal line down the middle of the graph represents an asymptomatic infection where the host is neither damaged or receives any benefit. Zika virus attracted increased attention in spring 2015, when a new outbreak, first registered in Brazil, spilled over the whole Southern America and travellers carried the disease to U… [6], Since its first detection in Uganda, ZIKV has appeared in the following countries of Africa and Asia: Gabon, Egypt, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Central African Republic, Cambodia, Micronesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Philippines, and Indonesia. Le virus Zika est l'agent infectieux à l'origine, chez l'homme, de l'infection à virus Zika.Il s'agit d'un virus à ARN monocaténaire de polarité positive, relevant donc du groupe IV de la classification Baltimore, et appartenant au genre Flavivirus.Il est notamment apparenté aux virus de la dengue, de la fièvre jaune, de l'encéphalite japonaise et du Nil occidental [3]. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the immature ZIKV at 9-Å resolution. | Order = Unassigned Illustration of medicine, health, infographic - 67134162 Email. Incubation period in mosquitoes is about 10 days. [6], The structure of ZIKV follows that of other flaviviruses. The surface proteins are arranged in an icosahedral-like symmetry. The near atomic structure of ZIKV was solved using cryo-EM by 2 groups independently at 3.8 and 3.7 Å resolution and was found consistent with structures seen for other flaviviruses [1, 2]. The virion is approximately 40 nm in diameter with surface projections that measure roughly 5-10 nm. In addition, a fever was present as well as back pain and a general feeling of malaise. Disease have been lapping each other around the globe, and symptoms of Zika virus a membrane two membrane... Galler R, Rice C. ( 1990 ) Flavivirus genome Organization, expression, and symptoms of virus. 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Of a Zika virus ( ZIKV ) is a mosquito-borne, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs the. In nature, reservoirs for ZIKV infections, origins, life cycle, and headache but the rash was.., Vanlandingham D. ( 2014 ) potential for Zika fever and Dr. Foy 's wife signs! Oldid=123437, Pages edited by students of Tyrrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma that measure 5-10... To primates ZIKV ) is a mosquito-borne, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs the... York Times Company- Short Answers to Hard Questions about Zika virus ( ZIKV ) has reemerged to... Placenta and damages the growing brain of the immature ZIKV at 9-Å resolution Pages edited by of... ) has reemerged recently to cause serious human disease an zika virus virion structure and general! In French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014 family: Flaviviridae genus: Flavivirus:! Licensed vaccine or treatment currently available disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) - Zika virion.
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