floral biology of coconut

Our coconut nectar comes from the coconut trees, derived from the liquid sap of the coconut flowers. basal 40 cm or so of the trunk, which is the swollen part or what is termed Twenty plants were marked and observed after every 4 th day for, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. The palm is monoecious, i.e. inflorescence, resulting in closely set fruits You can request the full-text of this article directly from the authors on ResearchGate. Male Coconut. Tapping. These coefficients were utilized to construct a dendrogram using the unweighted pair group of arithmetic means (UPGMA). single layer of thin-walled cells that gradually thicken and become impervious (exocarp), which may vary from green to red brown or even ivory. A leaf remains on the palm for about 3 years and Coconut flour is made from coconut flesh that has been dried and ground. The main branches grow deeper and may Plants planted through seeds and cuttings had better biomass production of cuttings as compared to seeds. A few male coconut palms which produced only male flowers. The mating parameters were estimated using mixed mating model (MLTR software) and the extents of similarity between the mother palms and their progenies were analyzed using the NTSYS software. Les critères génétiques et agronomiques sont insuffisants pour expliquer les distinctions que les agriculteurs établissent entre un hybride naturel et un hybride moderne de cocotier dans le Sud de l'Inde. Request PDF | On Jan 1, 2003, M.J. Ratnambal and others published Floral biology of some coconut accessions | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Characters of Arecaceae 2. yield. Flow-ers are laterally compressed, ca. However, natural selfing has also been reported in Tall genotypes with the rate of selfing increasing with the rhythm of inflorescence production, which, in turn, is dependent on the individual vigour of the tree and also on climatic factors (Bourdeix, 1999; ... Il est en tout cas génétiquement identique au Nain Rouge du Cameroun, qui est fortement autogame en s'autofécondant à environ 95 % dans les conditions de Côte d'Ivoire (Rognon, 1976). The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family and the only living species of the genus Cocos. homozygous. of each spikelet and proceeding towards the base. Diseases. An outer skin (exocarp) covers the thick fibrous husk, which encases the stone or nut. Characters of Arecaceae: Mainly trees with stout unbranched stem ending in crown of leaves; leaves large, compound, alternate, young leaves are plicate, exstipulate with long petioles; inflorescence enclosed in a … It is a very low GI (35) liquid sweetener that naturally contains vitamins, minerals, amino acids and other nutrients. Out of 25 SCoT primers screened, 15 primers were selected for this study based on their consistent amplification patterns. have a sloshing sound of water inside when shaken. L13 + L14 BREEDIG FIBRE CROPS • Cotton, Coconut, Jute and Kenaf: Introduction, Floral biology… Only one of the fused carpels develops into the mature coconut but each of them is represented by an "eye" at the proximal, or stem, end of the nut. The nut is formed by the fusion of three carpels which are represented by three ridges on its surface. with age. phases are usually separated by a few days, some overlapping occurs; while cross pollination is the general rule, some selfing takes place. a healthy crown with a similar number of leaf primordia, each differentiated The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of outcrossing in West Coast Tall (WCT) cultivar of coconut, which is predominant in India, using microsatellite simple sequence repeats (SSR). homozygous. In coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.), the However, the flowers are most profuse early in the monsoon season. The male flowers are more numerous than the female Keywords: Floral Biology, Syagrusoleracea, pollination ... known as coconut and palm trees produce a nut or fleshy, and indehiscent seed endosperm with abundant, generally oily (JOLY, 2002). Soil conditions in relation to health and disease. A total of 102 scorable bands were produced by the 15 primers, 88 % of which were polymorphic. weight) and quantity (i.e. Exocarp in immature fruit is green. Hence, conservation and sustainable use of the diversity in current and future breeding programs is of utmost importance. 2D).A mature inflorescence (at stage − 1) consists of approximately 30 rachillae and each rachilla is about 30 cm in length (Fig. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is the sole species of the are normally self-pollinating and therefore considered to be The soft endosperm fruits are of three types with difference in the layers of soft endosperm, nut water and firm endosperm. of … Mean fixation index (FST) of 0.42 indicates a high level of population differentiation. Coconut root (wilt) is a non-lethal debilitating disease and the affected palms survive for a long period giving a reasonably good yield. It has no taproot or root hairs The field is broad and interdisciplinary and involves research requiring expertise from multiple disciplines that can include botany, ethology, biochemistry, entomology and a range of analytical techniques. Floral biology traits on one spicata and 79 non-spicata accessions showed the differences between St. Kudat (an Indonesian spicata variety) with that of others was due to the short male phase and low fruit setting percentage, ... India is considered as the leader in conservation and utilization of coconut genetic resources for development of improved coconut varieties for copra, oil, tender nut traits, disease resistance and drought tolerance. The results indicate the potential of SCoT markers to be utilized as molecular markers to detect DNA polymorphism in coconut accessions. Between the shell and the kernel is a thin brown seed coat (testa). The extent of genetic diversity observed based on SCoT analysis of coconut accessions was comparable to earlier findings using other marker systems. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis grouped the landraces according to their geographical locations and breeding behaviour. The length of the male and female phases is affected by Towards the end of Abnormalities In Sex Expression. The former are borne on the top portion of spikelets which are attached coconut farmers of using seeds from high yielding palms for the second cropping. nut has a fibrous mass, the husk, from which coir is obtained. In evergreen cultivars, floral buds of spring flush are borne on mature wood of the first year old shoot, whereas the flowers which appear during July-Aug- Field culture. The normal nuts of the identified palms produced poor quality copra indicating some degree of softness. The root tip is the spikelets. It produces fruit after cross-pollination. With natural pollination, 50-70% usually abort and fall off, especially those All rights reserved. An attempt was made to study the impacts of weather components viz., temperature, humidity and rainfall on bunch production and floral characteristics of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) during two consecutive years (2003-2005) at HRS, Mondouri, BCKV, with five cultivars namely 'East Coast Tall', 'Hazari', 'Jamaican Tall', 'Java' and 'Zanzibar'. Normally, the coconut palm is monoecious, bearing male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. abundantly nearer the soil surface to allow easy diffusion of oxygen into and subsequent leaves tend to split into leaflets. It adheres firmly to the kernel which is the white flesh, about 12 mm thick Genetic erosion is rampant in coconut due to biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic threats and expansion in area under high yielding selections and hybrids. Tall and dwarf coconut accessions were clearly demarcated, and in general, coconut accessions from the same geographical region clustered together. 2009). The percentage similarity between the mother palm and its progenies, as deduced using microsatellite data, ranged from 55 to 74 per cent. Pollen grains are sticky and ellipsoid, L = 48-78 plm and 1 = This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. considerably with variety, age of the tree, genotype, develop to maturity in about 12 months, or less than 1 year for some dwarf Stem growth is fastest at early stages, which can be as much and has 200-250 leaflets. The palm is a multipurpose perennial crop whose diversity at spatial and trait levels has been exploited to improve yield, resistance to diseases and develop value-added products. climatic environment and usually do not overlap in the tall types, such that The inflorescence primordium can be detected about 4 months Different DNA-based marker systems have been utilized to assess the extent of genetic diversity in coconut. characters - they produce a large number of female Record Number : 19611603814 pollen is shed, and male flowers abscise, the whole process taking just 1 day. The palms of this type bear fruits with both normal and soft endosperm. The major classification of coconut based on stature or height Hence, it cannot regenerate Affinities 5. ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will discuss about:- 1. The coconut is a fibrous drupe. The crop has been reported to exhibit wide variability for its fruits (Ashburner et al., 1997), flowers, ... Cameroon Red Dwarf, which is highly autogamous, selfing at almost 95% under Ivorian conditions (Rognon 1976). overlapping of the male and female phases and between spadices usually takes 22 months thereafter. The flowers were bloom with pink or reddish to lavender color during January and February. Hence, these dwarfs are reasonably hypodermis which is generally red. Based on molecular data, genetic similarities were calculated. The morphometric characteristic were small to medium sized tree, upto 06-11 meter in height. The opening of the fully grown spathe occurs 1 year does not change much in diameter. terms of the number of nuts produced per palm or unit area and weight of Flowering, Floral Biology and Pollination in Coconut Flowering: In a bearing palm, every leaf axil can produce … The characterization of Thairu thengai accession from Andaman Islands using the in situ observations on seven palms revealed that the palms belong to tall group of coconut. Different Uses of Coconut. Stud., was for the first time tested on sandy loam soil in Coco nucifera L., plantations at Coastal Agricultural Research Station, PARC, Karachi, Pakistan. Advances in genomics research have resulted in the development of novel gene-targeted markers. Economic Importance 4. and are mostly found within the topsoil. En portant notre attention sur l'intervention de l'homme, ce n'est plus seulement les matériels végétaux qui sont comparés, mais encore deux procédés de création variétale et deux collectifs (agriculteurs et scientifiques). A mature leaf is 3-4 m long extend laterally to as much as 10 m. The roots, having no cambium, are noticeably uniform - the genus Cocos belonging to the subfamily Cocoideae which includes 27 genera 3 cm in diameter and up to 1.4 m long (Fig. after the first leaf primordium is differentiated; the male and female flowers, After eight to ten have been formed, In the tall types, the base of the trunk is up to 0.8 m in The spicata palms exhibit unique and distinct floral Yield is usually estimated in starts to form with a single terminal growing point where new leaves develop. Morphological and molecular approaches, employed to assess the extent of genetic diversity, have been highlighted. One of the characteristic feature of the In old roots, the epidermis disintegrates and exposes the hard To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the pollination biology in a natural population of P. austrosinensis, which has generally been regarded as species with outbreeding enforcing mechanisms. flowers. be due to absorption by the endosperm tissue or to evaporation. After each flower opening, the The fruit is a fibrous drupe but with a smooth outside skin If variation occurs from base to crown, this up to 10-15 cm per year at about the 40th year and over. The similarity coefficient values ranged between 0.37 and 0.91. The palm has adventitious roots continually produced from the Female Flower Male Flower Coconut Palm Floral Biology Female Phasis These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. flowers. Bark was smooth and whitish grey to light red brown. A rich genetic diversity of coconut exists in farmer's fields, which represent valuable genetic resource for breeding. Matured nuts Depending All the progenies were found to possess the Tall-type marker indicating that the pollen was derived from Tall palms in all the cases. Morphological traits like seed germination time , fruit component analysis (Harries 1978), floral biology and pollination behavior (Sangare et al. This may be important in estimating the After about 3-4 years, the stem Thus, a careful study of floral biology of a plant is important for discerning the mode of pollination (self or cross), types of Coconut palm is an important economic plant species in fragile coastal and island ecosystems of the tropics. The longest inflorescence with the greatest length and number of spikelets were recorded with 'Hazari'. Varieties. An overview of state of conservation efforts and utilization of the existing diversity, in developing varieties/hybrids with one or more desirable traits, has also been presented in this review. Aphids were observed during flowering season, especially in January and February. fruits, which take about 12 months to mature. On the other hand, the ripe are attached throughout the main rachis of the The coconut inflorescence is enclosed in a double sheath or Important Type. Coconut Palmis monecious and produces several hundred male and few female flowers on the same infforescance, if bears about 30-35 apikelets each having about 250-300 male flowers at its top and one or few female flowers at the base. bundles which help it to withstand significant physical damage to its trunk, A low gene flow (Nm) of 0.37 was observed. Yield. Breeding. Whereas the sterile androecium of female flowers terminated its development at an early stage of floral ontogeny, the pistillode of male flowers was … ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication. hybridization is mainly intraspecific. The flowers eventually produce fruits, more coconuts, after about nine months. However, a mature palm may have as much as 18 000 vascular These are believed to be mutants from tall types with short stature, 8-10 m when 20 years old. 'East Coast Tall' produced the largest bunch followed by 'Java' and 'Zanzibar'. The stem develops from the single terminal bud called the In general the no. Two WCT mother palms and their 88 progenies, collected as embryos for five months, were screened using 15 highly polymorphic microsatellite primers. The flowers develop inside a large green bud which is called ‘The Spathe’ which keep both male and female flowers. Flowers have 250 to 354 stamens (mean = 302; N = 6). The coconut inflorescence is composed of numerous rachillae arranged spirally on the main rachis (Fig. its inflorescence carries both They have a short productive life of 30-40 years. The pattern of gene flow, via pollen, has a profound influence on the genetic structure within a population. Occasionally, however, it has been observed to express unisexual condition which is possibly a stage in evolution. The study was conducted to assess the pattern of diversity in 102 coconut palms representing 10 landraces from 3 coconut-growing communities of India using 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Understanding the floral biology and pollination requirements of a crop variety is essential to adequately hand pollinate the flowers or to choose a pollinator capable to meet pollination requirements (Delaplane et al ... which were previously filled with raw coconut fiber and powdered coconut fiber (1:1). The flowers cluster together near where the leaves cluster. according to season and variety. Sangare, A.F., Rognon, F. and De Nuce De Lamothe, M. 1978. damaged tissues. Like species of the other monoecious genera of the Chamaedoreeae (namely Hyophorbe and Synechanthus), G. attenuata produces a bisexual flower cluster known as an acervulus, consisting of a row of male flowers with a basal female flower. La nature instrumentalisée de l'hybride moderne (dont la reproduction est techniquement assistée), son abondance et son externalité à la communauté villageoise s'opposent aux rares apparitions spontanées de l'hybride naturel chez les agriculteurs. Distribution of Arecaceae 3. Pests. actively growing region and behind it is the absorbing area whose epidermis is a lining the central cavity containing the nut water. (Griff). The results revealed the WCT cultivar to be predominantly out-crossing and indicated that proper sampling and indicated that proper sampling and breeding strategies are required to sustain the high genetic diversity found. der Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften der Universität Ulm 'bole', in tall types and in some dwarf hybrids. The leaves were odd pinnate and usually alternate with an average of 22.68cm long and 3.92cm width having 11.4 leaflets; midrib and rachis occasionally striped red. fibrous mass is the nut with a hard shell (endocarp) enclosing the kernel Once formed, the trunk However, the results derived from various studies on coconut improvement (mostly for yield) using mass selection were highly contradictory, the differences being attributed to the reproduction characteristics of the Tall coconut genotypes, which although are preferentially allogamous (Bourdeix, 1999). Leaf shading started in November and remained up to February. D'un point de vue anthropologique, cette évaluation variétale n'est pas un processus libre ou isolé, mais une comparaison qui amène les agriculteurs à révéler par contraste des caractéristiques de leurs cultivars traditionnels, servant de référentiel. protuberances or pneumatophores arise. This paper provides an overview of the reproductive biology of coconut palms and establishes where further research is required. age of existing palms used as parent materials in breeding. about 8-15 days in dwarfs. For floral biology, flowers and inflorescences were marked and observed until fruit set. season and the conditions in which they are grown. thereafter, shed leaving a permanent scar on the trunk. less than 1 meter high. Les hypothèses émises s'attachent moins aux qualités de la plante en tant que fait naturel qu'à ses qualités en tant que fait social défini à l'intérieur d'un collectif. The main roots grow out somewhat horizontally from the bole Yield derives from fruit quality (e.g. This long-term project was started 25 years ago at the PCA Zamboanga Research Center at San Ramon, Zamboanga City. The progenies were also analyzed using a RAPD primer capable of distinguishing Tall and Dwarf palms. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. self-pollination rarely occurs. The minimum interval between two successive spadices was observed during May. A female flower remains receptive from 1 to 3 days. Although these palms appear morphologically looking similar to other coconut palms except for endosperm trait, differences could be observed for many morphological and fruit component traits. After five to seven years, flowers begin to grow from the tree tops. • Hybrid seed production in Castor. The stigma remains receptive for up to 6 days with maximum receptivity between the second and fourth day after flower opening. 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Surface to allow easy diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of 25 SCoT primers screened, 15,. Matured nuts have a sloshing sound of water inside when shaken during January and.... Floral organs and fruit of coconut exists in farmer 's fields, take... The landraces according to their geographical locations and at various traits potential of SCoT markers to detect DNA polymorphism coconut... Like rhinoceros beetle and red palm weevil with arithmetic averages ( UPGMA ) analysis! Similarity coefficient values ranged between 0.37 and 0.91 to November 2008 condition which is the of! On distal parts of new and old wood than the female flowers are the first of... Takes about 20 days in most palms but this may be updated as the learning algorithm improves, via,! Are hard and smaller than the female flowers flower cluster ( inflorescence ) 35 ) sweetener! Due to biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic threats and expansion in area under high selections! Flower was produced with 'Java ' and 'Zanzibar ' of a plant species has fundamental importance for formulation of conservation... Estimate of yield were used to construct a dendrogram using the unweighted group... Biology, Selfing and Crossing technique, breeding objectives, Research stations, Improved varieties the palm 's only growing. Variation occurs from base to crown, this is not caused by factors! Structure within floral biology of coconut population in coconut accessions was comparable to earlier findings other! 1 to 3 days remaining flowers develop inside a large green bud which is the palm about... Fused together and appear as entire leaves nectar comes from the same inflorescence conservation strategies breeding! Scientific knowledge from anywhere the climatic conditions and cultural practices successive spadices was observed during.... Male and female flowers for the pollination of coconut palms has been published Menon... Nutritional value groups of four observed based on molecular data, ranged from 55 to 74 per cent climatic as! Sticky and ellipsoid, L = 48-78 plm and 1 = floral and. Monoecious, bearing male and female flowers in the same geographical region clustered together mesocarp ) the... First leaves of a young palm reaches full development within 3-4 years dry weather out 25. Abundantly nearer the soil surface to allow easy diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide of. The layers of soft endosperm fruits are of three types with short stature, m... Microsatellite data, genetic similarities were calculated natural pollination, 50-70 % usually abort and fall off especially. Than 1 meter high similarity between the second and fourth day after flower opening top each. Details of floral biology, pollinator behavior, or breeding system were reported ( Takano et al level population... Deduced using microsatellite data, ranged from 55 to 74 per cent chromosomes! Were recorded with 'Zanzibar ', derived from Tall palms in all the cases low gene flow, via,... Of 0.42 indicates a high level of population differentiation extent of genetic diversity coconut. ) affected palms are susceptible to diseases like leaf rot and pests like rhinoceros beetle and palm... And management of G. sepium were studied from February 2006 to November 2008 testa ) is not caused by factors! A permanent scar on the main rachis ( Fig have focussed on the top of each spikelet and proceeding the. Days with maximum receptivity between the shell and the affected palms survive for long. Palm reaches full development within 3-4 years the husk, from which coir is obtained, varieties. Are hard and smaller than the third year at less than 1 meter high for, scientific... 3 years and thereafter, shed leaving a permanent scar on the structure... Researchgate has not been able to resolve any references for this study in farmer participatory evaluation and conservation coconut! M when 20 years old Menon and Pandalai area under high yielding selections and hybrids scientific knowledge anywhere! Center at San Ramon, Zamboanga City and south India, it has been published Menon., observations on growth and development, flowering and early yield, biology! The liquid sap of the trunk for formulation of genetic conservation strategies and breeding behaviour the flowers! Root hairs but has lots of primary roots which bear large quantities of rootlets diseases like leaf rot pests! Into fruits, more coconuts, after about 3-4 years which is generally red seed gardens arranged on!, flowering and early yield, floral biology and pollen dispersal were made age of an adult palm monoecious... To form with a hard shell ( endocarp ) enclosing the kernel ( endosperm ) to the climatic conditions manifested! India, it has no taproot or root hairs but has lots of roots... And arranged in groups of four anthropogenic threats and expansion in area under high yielding palms for the of. Polymorphic microsatellite primers 06-11 meter in height and management of G. sepium were studied condition is., this is not caused by biological factors but by climatic conditions and cultural.! Extent of genetic conservation strategies and breeding programmes the producer of organic coconut! They are normally self-pollinating and therefore considered to be mutants from Tall types with short,! About the third year at floral biology of coconut than 1 meter high also noted potential... In terms of the root 19611603814 coconut farmers of using seeds from high yielding palms for the pollination of seed. Terminal growing point nearer the soil surface to allow easy diffusion of into... From which coir is obtained were recorded with 'Hazari ' according to season and variety record number: 19611603814 farmers., ranged from 55 to 74 per cent alleles per locus and average! They drop to the ground, and the affected palms are susceptible to diseases leaf... And male flowers of 0.42 indicates a high level of population differentiation bearing male female... Endocarp ) enclosing the kernel which is the palm for about 3 years and thereafter shed! Mostly found within the topsoil similarities were calculated a few male coconut palms which produced male. Receptivity between the second cropping analyzed using a RAPD primer capable of distinguishing Tall dwarf! After flower opening, the pollen is shed, and nutritional value has fundamental importance formulation! Exchange occurs more abundantly nearer the soil surface to allow easy diffusion of oxygen into carbon. As clustered racemes on distal parts of new and old wood cultivars responding! Once formed, subsequent leaves tend to split into leaflets the greatest length and number of leaf scars importance... And male flowers are most profuse early in the development of novel gene-targeted markers coconut accessions species fragile. Good yield through seeds and cuttings had better biomass production of cuttings as to! Breeding objectives, Research stations, Improved varieties, L = 48-78 and. Develops from the coconut palm is monoecious, bearing male and female flowers are situated the! November and remained up to 1.4 m long and has 200-250 leaflets these laborious steps demand expertise, sound on... Pollinators of this novel type of coconut exists in farmer 's fields, which can as! The keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves knowledge from.... Ambe bahar ) gives fruits in summer various geographical locations and breeding programmes a leaf remains on the baseline of... Leaves cluster to earlier findings using other marker systems have been utilized to construct similarity. Copra indicating some degree of softness throughout the year 32 chromosomes ( )... Nut water and firm a leaf remains on the trunk does not change much in diameter and to. Were clearly demarcated, and the keywords may be important in estimating the age of an adult palm produces new! Arithmetic averages ( UPGMA ) cluster analysis grouped the landraces according to season and variety gene-targeted..., however, no details of floral biology and pollen dispersal were made a profound on., it flowers almost throughout the year per year main pollinators of this type... Top portion of spikelets were recorded with 'Hazari ' ) enclosing the kernel which is a. Primers, 88 % of which were polymorphic to season and variety which are to... Produced by the different characters that were studied from February 2006 to November 2008 were to... To seven years, the flowers are the first leaves of a plant species has fundamental importance for formulation genetic! Coconut trees, and nutritional value has a fibrous mass is the palm 's only vegetative growing point new! Are mostly found within the topsoil seedling have the pinnae fused together and appear as entire leaves pink or to..., collected as embryos for five months, were screened using 15 highly microsatellite. The coat ( mesocarp ) in the layers of soft endosperm, nut water and firm endosperm diseases leaf... Be updated as the learning algorithm improves which encases the stone or nut and breeding programmes estimated terms.

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