Such radiation doses will not occur far away from an accident site. With pure water, the concentration of KI in the solution depends only on the temperature. "[17], With the passage of time, people living in irradiated areas where KI was not available have developed thyroid cancer at epidemic levels, which is why the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported "The data clearly demonstrate the risks of thyroid radiation... KI can be used [to] provide safe and effective protection against thyroid cancer caused by irradiation. 5 Precautions. It is used mainly in the form of a saturated solution, 100 g potassium iodide to 100 ml water. [citation needed] By saturating the body with a source of stable iodide prior to exposure, inhaled or ingested 131I tends to be excreted, which prevents radioiodine uptake by the thyroid. Potassium iodate is produced by the electrochemical reaction of elemental iodine with potassium hydroxide (KOH): 3I2 + 6KOH =3D KIO3 + 5KI + 3H2O Iodine is dissolved in potassium hydroxide solution and the potassium iodide so obtained is electrolytically oxidised in an annular flow cell. Personal Protective Equipment Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166. Reports differ concerning whether people in the areas immediately surrounding Chernobyl itself were given the supplement.,[39][17] however the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reported, "thousands of measurements of I-131 (radioactive iodine) activity...suggest that the observed levels were lower than would have been expected had this prophylactic measure not been taken. KI is a component in some disinfectants and hair treatment chemicals. This compound is prepared by iodine and mixing potassium hydroxide. 1956]. Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K and it has atomic number 19. Iodine has a melting point of 113.5°C, a boiling point of 184.35°C, a specific gravity of 4.93 for its solid state at 20°C, a gas density of 11.27 g/l, with a valence of 1, 3, 5, or 7. If potassium iodide upsets your stomach, take it after meals or with food or milk, unless your doctor has suggested otherwise. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Report on the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station, NUREG-1250. [3], Potassium iodide is used as a nutritional supplement in animal feeds and also in the human diet. Tablets of potassium iodide are supplied for emergency purposes related to blockade of radioiodine uptake, a common form of radiation poisoning due to environmental contamination by the short-lived fission product 131I. Your email address will not be published. It is also used in cat food as a source of iodine.. It is a white salt, which is the most commercially significant iodide compound, with approximately 37,000 tons produced in 1985. 106 In 40 CFR §180.940, residues of chemical substances (such as potassium iodide) are exempted from the 107 requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an Air will oxidize iodide, as evidenced by the observation of a purple extract when aged samples of KI are rinsed with dichloromethane. Bromine trifluoride rapidly attacks potassium iodide [Mellor 2, Supp. [46][47], As of 2020, potassium iodide tablets are made available free of charge for all residents in all pharmacies throughout the country. Iodine has been introduced into metallurgical processes for the production of certain transition metals in a high state of purity, among them titanium, zirconium, thorium, chromium, and cobalt. The anti-radioiodine doses used for 131I uptake blockade are lower, and range downward from 100 mg a day for an adult, to less than this for children (see table). Sinks and mixes with water. In the event of a radioiodine release the ingestion of prophylaxis potassium iodide, if available, or even iodate, would rightly take precedence over perchlorate administration, and would be the first line of defence in protecting the population from a radioiodine release. Based on the properties of potassium iodide, it does not meet classification criteria of skin and respiration sensitisation under under the Regulation (EC) No. [citation needed] In an accidental event or attack on a nuclear power plant, or in nuclear bomb fallout, volatile fission product radionuclides may be released. However, for several fluorophores addition of KI in μM-mM concentrations results in increase of fluorescence intensity, and iodide acts as fluorescence enhancer.[31]. This effect is due to the formation of the triiodide ion, which is brown: I − + I 2 ⇌ I − 3 Redox, including antioxidant properties. The term SSKI is also used, especially by pharmacists, to refer to a U.S.P. Potassium iodide (KI) is supplied as odorless, colorless to white cubical or hexahedral crystals, white granules or a powder. Iodine is a halogen that locates in group 17 of the periodic table of elements. "Pathophysiology: The biological basis for disease in Adults and Children". 2nd ed. It is used to avoid the loss of iodine due to oxidation from salts. We have the list of top Potassium Iodide suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers and traders with the best price listed from worldwide. "[41], But equally important to the question of KI is the fact that radioactivity releases are not "local" events. Dextrose or sodium thiosulfate are often added to iodized table salt to stabilize potassium iodide thus reducing loss of the volatile chemical.[13]. [3] It is given by mouth. It is given by mouth. Since the iodide ion is a mild reducing agent, I− is easily oxidised to I2 by powerful oxidising agents such as chlorine: 2 KI( aq) + Cl2(aq) → 2 KCl + I2(aq) Even air will oxidize iodide as evidenced by the observation of a purple extract when KI is rinsed with dichloromethane. Boiling... 2. Its melting point is 680°C (1256°F, 954 Kelvin) and its boiling point is 1330°C (2426°F). It is colourless to white, it appears as cubical crystals, or powder or white granules. Bromine trifluoride rapidly attacks potassium iodide [Mellor 2, Supp. [citation needed] As noted, the equivalent two drops of SSKI (equaling the dose of one KI pill) may be used for this purpose, if the pills are not available. ... potassium;molecular iodine;iodide. Belongs to the Following Reactive Group(s) "[43], The development of thyroid cancer among residents in the North Pacific from radioactive fallout following the United States' nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s (on islands nearly 200 miles downwind of the tests) were instrumental in the 1978 decision by the FDA to issue a request for the availability of KI for thyroid protection in the event of a release from a commercial nuclear power plant or weapons-related nuclear incident. [9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. Silver iodide is also used to seed clouds to induce rain. 6 References. Potassium iodide can be conveniently prepared as a saturated solution, abbreviated SSKI. The oxidation of iodide causes slow loss of iodine content from iodised salts that are exposed to excess air. It absorbs water less readily than sodium iodide, making it easier to work with. Learn more about the Structure, physical and chemical properties of KI from the experts at BYJU’S. Like other iodide salts, KI forms I3− when combined with elemental iodine. In 2012, Fleming Co. sold all its product rights and manufacturing facility to other companies and no longer exists. The use of KI...was credited with permissible iodine content in 97% of the evacuees tested. In the developing world it is also used to treat skin sporotrichosis and phycomycosis. Bedford, MA: CIS-US, Inc. July 1999. Of these products, 131I (Iodine-131) is one of the most common and is particularly dangerous to the thyroid gland because it may lead to thyroid cancer. On the other hand, iodine is also a chemical element with the symbol (I) which has atomic number 53. Over 11,000 cases have already been reported. Potassium iodide is a chemical compound, medication, and dietary supplement. Potassium iodide is a possible teratogen. The test results showed that potassium iodide did not induced DNA damage or cytotoxicity in the alkaline comet assay for doses up to 10 mM. Potassium Iodide (7681 -11 -0) LC50 fish 1 3200 mg/l 120 h EC50 Daphnia 1 2.7 mg/l 24 h 12.2. The recommended standard (daily) dose of KI for all school-age children is the same (65 mg). One such example is the synthesis of aryl iodides from the diazonium salts of arenes. Production of Lead iodide. In contrast, KI administration after exposure to radioiodine induces a smaller and rapidly decreasing blockade effect. Sodium Bicarbonate (144 -55 -8) Persistence and degradability Not established. Potassium iodate is an ionic chemical compound that consists of K + ions and IO 3-ions in a 1:1 ratio. Due to its high potassium content, SSKI is extremely bitter, and if possible it is administered in a sugar cube or small ball of bread. Researchers at the World Health Organization accurately located and counted the cancer victims from Chernobyl and were startled to find that "the increase in incidence [of thyroid cancer] has been documented up to 500 km from the accident site... significant doses from radioactive iodine can occur hundreds of kilometers from the site, beyond emergency planning zones. Potassium iodide cannot protect against any other mechanisms of radiation poisoning, nor can it provide any degree of protection against dirty bombs that produce radionuclides other than those of iodine. [24], The World Health Organization does not recommend KI prophylaxis for adults over 40 years, unless the radiation dose from inhaled radioiodine is expected to threaten thyroid function, because the KI side effects increase with age and may exceed the KI protective effects; "...unless doses to the thyroid from inhalation rise to levels threatening thyroid function, that is of the order of about 5 Gy. The alkali metal iodide salt, over time and exposure to excess oxygen and carbon dioxide, slowly oxidizes to metal carbonate and elemental iodine, which then evaporates. Aqueous solutions of iodide salts dissolve iodine better than pure water. In all these cases however, despite the risks, the prophylaxis benefits of intervention with iodide, iodate or perchlorate outweigh the serious cancer risk from radioiodine bioaccumulation in regions where radioiodine has sufficiently contaminated the environment. Belongs to the Following Reactive Group (s) Density Potassium iodide. An example of such a reaction is provided below. Potassium Iodide Product Information: Pricing Inquiry, Properties, SDS, Chemical Identifiers, Synonyms, Research, Related Products, Applications [citation needed], KI is used with silver nitrate to make silver iodide (AgI), an important chemical in film photography. Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. Since the iodide ion is a mild reducing agent, I − is easily oxidised to I 2 by powerful oxidising agents such as chlorine: 2 KI(aq) + Cl 2 (aq) → 2 KCl + I 2 (aq) Even air will oxidize iodide as evidenced by the observation of a purple extract when KI is rinsed with dichloromethane. Chronic overexposure can have adverse effects on the thyroid. On the other hand, potassium iodide is a chemical compound that forms from the combination of iodine and potassium. Physical Properties Belongs to the Following Reactive Group(s) Chemical properties. KI (potassium iodide) is a salt of stable (not radioactive) iodine that can help block radioactive iodine from being absorbed by the thyroid gland, thus protecting this gland from radiation injury. 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