During the entire operation of felling and processing of coconut stems, proper waste disposal is of paramount importance in order to prevent the rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) and palm weevil (Rhynchophorus schach oliv.) The slabs are sorted out for production of small items such as tool handles, novelty items etc., or for firewood or charcoal. During the process of chipping and hammer-milling the parenchymatic tissue disintegrates into a fine dust. Table 2: Mechanical properties of coconut wood, 12 % mc. 23: Cutting pattern for conventional sawmills, Fig. For trimming, the installation of a radial armsaw has proved most useful. They are also monoecious. Coconut Palm Stem (Pack of 10) $ 8.00 Number of Stems: Qty: Derived from the Coconut Palm, Cocos nucifera, these amazing stems are one of the coolest "accent pieces" we've come across.They have a hard texture on the outside, but do retain some flexibility. It has a smooth, slender stem that grows to a height of about 25 metres and with an average diameter of 300 mm. It is preferable to achieve a good segregation of these unwanted fines and the bundles. Root (wilt) Disease symptoms. These bundles contain the water and nutrient transport system (xylem vessels and phloem) as well as thick-walled fibres giving the stem its strength, and paratracheal parenchymatic cells. Since any trunk wound may result in stem bleeding, close examination of the point of infection is required. Converted into oil, it becomes the base for a wide range of products, from cooking oil to soap and shoe polish. for utilization. from breeding. The name comes from the old Portuguese and Spanish word coco , meaning 'head' or 'skull', after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. This property distribution requires an early separation of boards originating from the outer, harder part of the stem, and those from the softer core. The Leaf The stellite is then formed with dies so that it looks similar to a swaged shaped point. Attention should be paid to the bite. This implies that there is no conflict between the use of the palm for its primary production (oil and fat) and the later stem use for timber. Inserted teeth can be used in smaller operations with transportable circular sawmills. Fig. 24: Cutting pattern for frame-sawing. 3: Cross section of coconut palm stem with density zones. Strong stem– This type of stems are strong and keep the plant erect firmly on ground e.g. In Zamboanga, Philip-pines, a research station was established and the utilization of the coconut palm stem as a timber resource was assessed and proven. Depending on the size of the break down saw, the logs may have to be cross-cut again to the required length. The frame moves up and down while the log is pushed through, and the entire log is converted to planks in one go (Photos 33 – 35). The diseases are known as Lethal Yellowing and Cadang-Cadang. The fibrous vascular bundles make good raw material for particle board, gypsum-or cement-bonded panels, or medium-density-fibreboards (MDF). Timber from core sections. Converted into oil, it becomes the base for a wide range of products, from cooking oil to soap and shoe polish. Before loaded onto the ramp, sand and grit must be cleaned from the logs with water and brush, in order to reduce damage or blunting of saws. The steps connected with primary processing are: The coconut stem shows a decrease of physical and mechanical properties from periphery to pith over each cross-section. For proper maintenance of saws an appropriately staffed and equipped saw doctor shop is indispensable. However, due to the absence of rays, differences of properties in tangential and radial direction, as they exist in conventional timbers, are negligible. It results in palm fronds being cut in a diamond-shape. Prior to sawing operations, the saw has to be properly aligned, the saw-blade hammered, and the teeth sharpened (Astell,1981). has been cultivated successfully. - Molten stellite can be poured into a ceramic mould around the tooth point. However, due to their anatomical structure the veneer sheets tend to split and break along the vascular bundles, either immediately after peeling, or after drying. The bite recommended is between 1 and 1.3 mm per tooth. The boards are passed over to the breast bench for edging. On the contrary: the use of the timber generates a windfall profit to the farmer. 19: Cutting pattern for coconut logs, Fig. Never keep more than several days' log supply in log-yard, since coconut palm stems decay fast! This gives a finished point similar to the second method. In order to facilitate later grading, only one category of logs (butt logs, middle logs or top logs) may be loaded and sawn at a given time. Table 1: Palm stem data (at 60 years of age), (Average values, dependent on age, site and variety.). This method has been traditionally applied in many coconut palm growing countries for the ripping of smaller numbers of shorter logs. Disease Symptoms (Stem bleeding of coconut palm): Soft, slowly expanding decay of trunk tissues, darkening to black with age. 1. This attack reduces both the properties as well as the appearance of the timber. The different saws are compared in Tables 7 and 8. The cutting patterns proposed are shown in Figures 19 – 24. Examples- coconut, palm, and betel nut. After the log is split, the inner, highly perishable part has to be hewn out with an axe or adze. Frame-saws have been developed to breakdown small-diameter logs. The log-yard, like the sawmilling area, should be cleared of vegetation, well-drained, and be covered by a layer of gravel or compacted material, which prevents the build-up of mud during rainy seasons. They result in the final death of palms. Most commonly fungi find entrance into the stem through harvesting steps cut into the outer, hard portion of the stem in some countries in order to facilitate harvesting of the nuts (Figure 4). The percentage of the various density groups per stem depends on variety, site, age, sweep of palm, human impact (harvesting step, Figure 4), and the extent of fungus and insect damage. Stigmina leaf spot Stigmina palmivora: Thread blight Ceratobasidium noxium The saws should either be tungsten-carbide (TC) tipped or equipped with stellited inserted teeth. A matured coconut palm stem was gotten from Badagry, Lagos, (6°25′N and 2°53′E), Nigeria. 35 Inch Coconut Palm Stem. Both insects can create havoc in newly established plantations. All mechanical properties which define the use of a timber are closely related to its density (weight/volume at given moisture content). (a) Caudex: The stem is erect, strong and has a crown of leaves at the top. Frame-or gang-saws consist of a frame which carries a number of parallel blades, which can be preset at varying distances. Stem bleeding Ceratocystis paradoxa (Chalara paradoxa, Thielaviopsis paradoxa, anamorphs) Thielaviopsis. They are wear-resistant and need only face grinding. Insects usually attack the growing point of the palm, reduce its vitality and finally lead to its death. One of the reasons that coconut stems have, as yet, rarely been converted into lumber on a larger scale, is their peculiar texture. The feed speeds to be applied in breaking down the logs range from 10 – 25 m/min; for edging or resawing feed speeds of 20–40 m/min can be applied. If this method is applied, the log has to be clamped either on a ramp or with the help of wooden pegs to the ground. The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut. 25: Fixing of coconut log for handsawing, Fig. However, a mature palm may have as much as 18 000 vascular bundles which help it to withstand significant physical damage to its trunk, provided pest entry is prevented. 13 Glossary. The logs are loaded from the log-yard to the log skid. Timber from upper stem periphery and lower middle section. The economics of wood-based panels made from coconut timber have yet to be proven. Stellite is available in rod form and has to be fused under heat on to the base metal of the saw tooth. A recovery of about 45 % can be achieved. The main produce is copra, the dried kernel of the nut. Presently, more than 10 million ha are worldwide under coconut palms. Photo 31: Circular saw headrig (note the wide gullets in saw-blade). It has a smooth, slender stem that grows to a height of about 25 metres and with an average diameter of 300 mm. Various techniques have been applied to prolong the life of the saw teeth. The stem lacks bark, cambium, and with no secondary growth features, volume once formed remains unaltered. The sawdust has to be removed regularly from the saw (Photo 37). Amazing Palm Trees has a large selection of Artificial Palm Trees and Silk Palm Trees. It can be made of old oil-drums cut in half lengthwise and welded together, or a trough dug into the soil and lined with plastic, or a plastic-lined wooden trough. It can be done with a hand-gulleting machine after removal of the saw-blade from the rig, or with a portable “jockey” grinder, which can be clamped on to the saw-blade while on the rig. As its common name suggests, the pygmy date palm (Phoenix roebelenii) is a small-sized palm tree.This is a true type of palm in the family Arecaceae and it doesn’t grow taller than 10 ft. (3 m). The main produce is copra, the dried kernel of the nut. - the gullet size has to be increased in order to facilitate the removal of the very fine sawdust during sawing. The coconut palm is a monocotyledon. 10.2 Calculation of costs for cut timber from coconut palm wood. Coconut palm wood must be machined with TC/Stellite-tipped cutting edges, which enable good operating results. The shallow root system, lack of a tap root and the palm tree’s preference for sandy soils make it susceptible for being easily uprooted. Over the years, the fungal invasion of the interior stem can rot the stem entirely, causing plant decline and death. Hence, it cannot regenerate damaged tissues. Rhinoceros beetle attack can easily be detected visually. Too large a bite, on the other hand, can cause carbide breakage in the tooth tip. Resawing is done with standard resaws, be they circular or band-saws. Watering of the saw-blade during sawing has proved helpful in order to reduce the heating of the blade due to friction, and to reduce the clogging of sawdust in the gullets. The saw guides have to be properly set. A cavity may develop beneath the affected area. Fungi usually attack the palm stem, when its vitality is diminshed due to insects or mycoplasma-like organisms, or after physical damage, be it through hurricanes, or due to human impact. 11 Marketing. Once mature, coconut palms can reach a staggering height of up to 100 feet, and boast 10 to 20-foot palm fronds and a … Coconut logs have been successfully sawn with circular saws in various countries (Photo 31), and the following recommendations are the result of extensive research work undertaken in Zamboanga. In order to obtain maximum production before blunting, the bite should be as big as possible. Figure 1 gives a qualitative impression of the density distribution over the stem from five 80-year-old Philippine palms, Photo 1 shows its distribution (dark = high density) over a cross section. While the other two agents have no direct impact on the timber quality, fungal attack does. mango, berry, coconut, palm, etc. Chance of confusing the pests and disease symptom with the root (wilt) disease; IPM for Coconut. Download : Download high-res image (357KB) Figure 24 depicts sawing patterns applicable when frame-sawing. Ultimately the palm dies off. 20: Additional pattern for cutting purloins, Fig. In larger replanting schemes it might even be considered to can and export this delicious and highly prized palm heart. Photo 28: Manual ramp-loading of palm logs. Thus, peeling and slicing have for the moment no relevance for the industrial use of coconut palm stems. 80-year-old palms of the San Ramon Tall variety in Zamboanga. Chain-saw ripping (Photos 29, 30) yields a higher production rate than manual sawing. To know the IPM practices for Coconut, click here. 1: Schematic density distribution in mature coconut palm stem, Photo 1: Cross section of coconut palm stem at breast height. The stem … Stones or bullets in the stem, as well as dropping the saw-blade on concrete flooring, may result in breaking of the tips. The logs can be broken down by the following methods: The easiest way to breakdown coconut palm logs is to split them with wedges. The recommended standard equipment is as follows: - side grinder (for band-saw equalizer), - hammering bench (for band-saw roller-stretcher), - tools like hammers, straight edges, gauges. Coconut palms can be classified according to the size and stature of the palm, and are referred to as Talls and Dwarfs. 45 tall and 18 dwarf varieties are known. Loading can be done with a forklift, a farm tractor equipped with a frontloader, or manually over a ramp (Photo 28). After soldering the bits must be top, face and side-ground. Two alternative set-ups are possible, dependent on volume and area of operation: The saw, whether transportable or stationary, should be roofed (thatch, corrugated iron, or other) to protect the operating staff, timber, and equipment against sun and rain. Cobalide 3 and Eutector 9000 have given good results. Understanding the epidemiological behavior of the disease is essential for establishing more efficient control strategies. For coconut wood the use of grade ISO K30 is advisable. Depending on the variety of the coconut trees, the male and female flowers develop at same or different times. The following table (Table 35) shows cutting angles with which good operating results have been achieved. In a very soft parenchymatous tissue strands of hard, sclerenchymatous vascular bundles are embedded. List of coconut palm diseases. 28: Sawing coconut logs by chain-saw, Photo 30: Chain-sawing of palm stems with guide bar. Due to their bending over the wheels, they can not be TC-tipped. Since they are used straight, their teeth can be TC-tipped. 12 Checklist: How to start coconut palm stem utilization. The dipping tank is essential to provide temporary protection of sawn timber against fungi and insects for the duration of seasoning. They can be used for rafters or trusses in sheds and simple construction. The logs should preferably be green in order to facilitate sawing. wall-panelling. The coconut palm, Cocos nucifera L., native of the humid tropics, is a versatile, multipurpose palm with slender unbranched stem crowned with a cluster of long green pinnate leaves producing fruit bunches borne on the leaf axils. It also implies that only stems of tall varieties can be used for timber, not those of dwarf varieties. According to stem height, tall and dwarf varieties are distinguished. However, only a specific species of palm trees bear coconuts. Fig. They're hardy trees and can live for 100 years. Prior to dipping, it is advisable to brush off the sawdust, which otherwise may prevent proper surface treatment in the dipping tank, and which may also settle there, thus binding the preservative and reducing its effectiveness. With these set-ups the daily production (1 shift of 6 effective working hours) can be achieved as given in Table 6. In Table 5 two examples are given. The research activities started were partly funded and backed by the governments of New Zealand and the Philippines, as well as by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Recovery in band-saw milling has proved to be the highest with up to 50 %. The cutting angles should be designed for machining hardwoods. purposes, framing, flooring, staircases, tool handles, furniture. Cocos nucifera L, the coconut palm, is an agricultural crop widely spread throughout the tropics. Three methods can be used for its application (FAO,1985): - A drop of molten stellite can be applied to the swage cup. 15 List of Figures The coconut stem shows a decrease of physical and mechanical properties from periphery to … The logs are cut according to the sawing pattern chosen. However, to successfully grow a coconut tree, it's much better to soak it in water for a few days, then store it in a plastic bag filled with water in a warm, dark location to help it germinate. Fig. They're strong and their roots extend deep into the soil. The choice of equipment depends on the size of the operation. While the parenchyma easily gives way and disintegrates into fine particles during sawing, the sclerenchyma celIs in the vascular bundles are very hard and abrasive. The anatomical features result in a rather non-homogenous distribution of physical properties both over cross-section and height, and thus in a very non-homogenous raw material. They can be made of hardwood, even hard coconut wood. 10.2.2 Calculation of manufacturing costs. The feed speed depends on the thickness of the boards and the revolutions per minute (rpm). 1.1 The coconut palm. Stem bleeding disease (resinosis) of coconut palm is caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa and is very important in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. Furniture and Wooden Products Deutsche Gesellschaft Stationary mills might be equipped with a concrete trough. With its high starch and sugar content, it is a good substrate for growing edible mushrooms. As decay progresses, a darkly pigmented liquid bleeds down the trunk from the point of invasion (usually a stem wound, e.g., Figure 1), covering the stem surface with a superficial black layer of stem fluids. They are available in various qualities. Can be used for load-bearing structural The other two methods, which are more commonly applied, tend to waste a considerable amount of stellite in grinding, since the stellite blob on the tooth point has to be top, face and side-ground (equalized). To reduce stifling heat, the shed should be airy, preferably open on the sides. In most cases removal and later charcoaling is not economical since the charcoal recovery and its quality are low. For the tooth shape, the following angles have afforded successful sawing with circular saws: - Sharpness angle: 45 – 50° (Figure 29). Subsequently, various coconut-growing countries started to investigate the economic disposal or use of the stem. Therefore, they can only be used as core veneers. Coconut Palm Care . It is of ten thought that the economic life span of a coconut tree is about 60 years. One hundred and twenty WCT coconut palms of more than 20 years age affected by stem bleeding were selected in five farmers’ fields. Oven-dry density ranges from 0.85 g/cm3 at the lower periphery to 0.11 g/cm3 in the pith at the top end. TC-tipped teeth have to be ground with the help of diamond grinding wheels, which are very expensive compared to the conventional silicon carbide types used for stellite and high speed steel. In other words, they consist of male and female flowers on the same inflorescence (spadix) that develops within a woody spathe. Sulc (1983, 3) has assessed the mechanical properties for the different density groups (Table 2) of 80-year-old coconut palm stems from Mindanao, Philippines. Traditionally, coconut palms were found around hamlets in the tropics, in rather small stands to provide the villagers with basics such as: - ropes and strings (coir from the husks), - alcoholic drink (from the inflorescence - tuba or toddy). Principally, the density decreases towards the centre of the stem, and over stem height. Stem bleeding is a common symptom of Thielaviopsis trunk rot observed on Cocos nucifera (coconut). Aline is then drawn along the stem to mark where it should be split. 4: Harvesting steps in coconut palm stem, With 80-year-old palms of the San Ramon Tall variety in Zamboanga a distribution of. Mycoplasma-like organisms attack the phloem and clog it. Once these palms are 50 – 60 years old the copra yield declines rapidly. Coconut wood can only be sawn effectively with TC-or Stellite-tipped teeth! These are average figures based on ca. The fronds and the discarded top portion of the stem should be burnt in the plantation after drying. Laid out in beds undershade, and covered with banana leaves, the padi straw mushroom (Volvariella spp.) This inhomogeneity influences the methods of processing as well as the uses for the coconut palm stem. The diamond wheels are available in different grades dependent on the percentage of diamonds. 10.2.1 Capacities. Native to tropical islands in the western pacific, the coconut palm is probably what comes to mind for many when you say the phrase "palm tree." 10.3 Cash-flow analysis and internal rate of return of a coconut palm wood furniture plant. The sawing of both tissues together results in rapid blunting of conventional saw-blades. Indoor use only, where no load is applied, e.g. Some of these stems have branches and some do not. Fresh logs are sawn more easily than dry ones! Or trusses in sheds and simple construction is tough and lasts long, but saves on the contrary: use... Given in table 6: daily recovery rate from circular sawmills and depth of Harvesting steps in coconut palm an! For a wide range of products, from cooking oil to soap and shoe polish stem should be,! In saw-blade ) installation of a coconut palm stem was gotten from Badagry, Lagos, ( and. For proper maintenance of saws an appropriately staffed and equipped saw doctor is! 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